450x_lecture2.utf8.md

class: center, middle

# Introduction to Tidyverse

.course[450X]

.institution[__Stanford University__

Department of Political Science  
  
---

Toby Nowacki]

---

# Overview

1. Advantages of `tidyverse`
2. Introduction to the `tidyverse` universe
3. The pipe and other operators
4. `dplyr`
5. `tidyr`
6. `purrr`

---

# Why not Base R?

* Limited amount of functions, often cumbersome

```r
df <- data.frame(A = c(1, 2, 3), B = c("A", "B", "C"), C = c("T", "F", "F"))
df$D <- c(4, 5, 6)
df$E <- c(7, 8, 9)
df$F <- df$D - df$E
print(df)
```

```
##   A B C D E  F
## 1 1 A T 4 7 -3
## 2 2 B F 5 8 -3
## 3 3 C F 6 9 -3
```

* Looking for a clean, intuitive and readable way to perform multiple operations at once
* `data.table` provides a great alternative to tidyverse if you prefer more concise (and somewhat more performant) code

---

# The tidyverse Family

* .fn_highlight[dplyr]: functions for data manipulation and aggregation
	* `mutate()`, `select()`, `filter()`, `summarise()`, `arrange()`
* .fn_highlight[tidyr]: functions to bring your data into the tidy format
	* `pivot_longer()`, `pivot_wider()`, `unnest*()`, `separate()`, `unite()`
* .fn_highlight[ggplot2]: functions for data visualisation ('grammar of graphics') -- separate workshop on that!
	* `ggplot()`
* .fn_highlight[purrr]: functions for functional programming and avoiding for-loops
	* `map()`

---

# Your best friend, the pipe

* `R` comes with a bunch of standard operators: `+`, `-`, etc...
* `tidyverse` supplies the pipe: `%>%` 
* allows you to forward the output from one function straight into another.
* Works with both `tidyverse` and other functions

```r
out <- c("30", "40", "60")
out2 <- as.numeric(out)
mean(out2)
```

```
## [1] 43.33333
```

```r
library(tidyverse)
c("30", "40", "60") %>% as.numeric %>% mean
```

```
## [1] 43.33333
```

---

# Set intersection

* Another useful operator is `%in%`.
* Returns a logical vector with `TRUE` when element in first object is also contained in second object.

```r
candidates <- c("biden", "warren", "sanders", "buttigieg", "harris")
senators <- c("warren", "sanders", "romney", "gilibrand", "schumer")

candidates %in% senators
```

```
## [1] FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE FALSE
```

```r
candidates[which(candidates %in% senators)]
```

```
## [1] "warren"  "sanders"
```

---

# A classic data aggregation problem

.challenge[.challenge_title[Challenge #2.1]

Get the mean and standard deviation of flight delays by month
]

```r
library(nycflights13)
head(flights)
```

```
## # A tibble: 6 x 19
##    year month   day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time
##   <int> <int> <int>    <int>          <int>     <dbl>    <int>
## 1  2013     1     1      517            515         2      830
## 2  2013     1     1      533            529         4      850
## 3  2013     1     1      542            540         2      923
## 4  2013     1     1      544            545        -1     1004
## 5  2013     1     1      554            600        -6      812
## 6  2013     1     1      554            558        -4      740
## # … with 12 more variables: sched_arr_time <int>, arr_delay <dbl>,
## #   carrier <chr>, flight <int>, tailnum <chr>, origin <chr>, dest <chr>,
## #   air_time <dbl>, distance <dbl>, hour <dbl>, minute <dbl>,
## #   time_hour <dttm>
```

---

# Base `R` solution

```r
mean_list <- list()
sd_list <- list()
month <- unique(flights$month)
for(y in month){
	df_sub <- subset(flights, month == y)
	mean_list[y] <- mean(df_sub$dep_delay, na.rm = T)
	sd_list[y] <- sd(df_sub$dep_delay, na.rm = T)
}
unlist(mean_list)
```

```
##  [1] 10.036665 10.816843 13.227076 13.938038 12.986859 20.846332 21.727787
##  [8] 12.611040  6.722476  6.243988  5.435362 16.576688
```

```r
unlist(sd_list)
```

```
##  [1] 36.39031 36.26655 40.13097 42.96626 39.35283 51.45694 51.61608
##  [8] 37.66692 35.61480 29.67176 27.58836 41.87681
```

---

# `dplyr` solution

```r
flights %>%
	group_by(month) %>% 
	summarise(mean = mean(dep_delay, na.rm = TRUE),
		sd = sd(dep_delay, na.rm = TRUE))
```

```
## # A tibble: 12 x 3
##    month  mean    sd
##    <int> <dbl> <dbl>
##  1     1 10.0   36.4
##  2     2 10.8   36.3
##  3     3 13.2   40.1
##  4     4 13.9   43.0
##  5     5 13.0   39.4
##  6     6 20.8   51.5
##  7     7 21.7   51.6
##  8     8 12.6   37.7
##  9     9  6.72  35.6
## 10    10  6.24  29.7
## 11    11  5.44  27.6
## 12    12 16.6   41.9
```

---

# `dplyr` functions

* .fn_highlight[select()] selects given columns from `data.frame` or `tibble`
* .fn_highlight[mutate()] adds additional columns
* .fn_highlight[filter()] selects rows that satisfy specified condition
* .fn_highlight[by_group()] carries out further commands by group
* .fn_highlight[summarise()] returns the results of aggregate functions

---

# `dplyr` example

.challenge[.challenge_title[Example #2.1]

Are longer-distance flights more delayed?
]

* Maybe yes, because delays 'rack up' and greater risk of unforeseen emergencies with 
* Maybe no, because longer flights are run by bigger airlines and are more valuable, so are therefore prioritised

---

# `dplyr` example

Let's only select the variables that we really need:

```r
mini_flights <- flights %>% 
	dplyr::select(month, dep_delay, distance, dest, carrier)
mini_flights %>% head
```

```
## # A tibble: 6 x 5
##   month dep_delay distance dest  carrier
##   <int>     <dbl>    <dbl> <chr> <chr>  
## 1     1         2     1400 IAH   UA     
## 2     1         4     1416 IAH   UA     
## 3     1         2     1089 MIA   AA     
## 4     1        -1     1576 BQN   B6     
## 5     1        -6      762 ATL   DL     
## 6     1        -4      719 ORD   UA
```

---

# `dplyr` example

Only keep January to March and summarise:

```r
agg_flights <- mini_flights %>% mutate(ln_dist = log(distance)) %>%
	filter(month %in% 1:3) %>% 
	group_by(carrier, month) %>% 
	summarise(mean_del = mean(dep_delay, na.rm = TRUE),
		mean_dist = mean(ln_dist, na.rm = TRUE))
agg_flights
```

```
## # A tibble: 46 x 4
## # Groups:   carrier [16]
##    carrier month mean_del mean_dist
##    <chr>   <int>    <dbl>     <dbl>
##  1 9E          1   16.9        5.93
##  2 9E          2   16.5        5.91
##  3 9E          3   13.4        5.95
##  4 AA          1    6.93       7.08
##  5 AA          2    8.28       7.08
##  6 AA          3    8.70       7.08
##  7 AS          1    7.35       7.78
##  8 AS          2    0.722      7.78
##  9 AS          3    8.42       7.78
## 10 B6          1    9.49       6.71
## # … with 36 more rows
```

---

# `dplyr` example

Plot the data points:

```r
library(ggplot2)
ggplot(agg_flights, aes(x = mean_dist, y = mean_del)) +
	geom_point(aes(colour = carrier)) +
	labs(x = "log(Flight distance)", y = "Delay")
```

![](450x_lecture2_files/figure-html/Plot-1.png)

---

# `tidyr`

* Remember the tidy data exercise from last class?
* .fn_highlight[pivot_longer()], .fn_highlight[pivot_wider()] for recasting data frames 
* Sometimes data manipulation or visualisation is much simpler if you recast your data frame!
* Can also be combined with `dplyr` calls and pipes

---

# `tidyr` example

```r
data("mtcars")
mtcars %>% head
```

```
##                    mpg cyl disp  hp drat    wt  qsec vs am gear carb
## Mazda RX4         21.0   6  160 110 3.90 2.620 16.46  0  1    4    4
## Mazda RX4 Wag     21.0   6  160 110 3.90 2.875 17.02  0  1    4    4
## Datsun 710        22.8   4  108  93 3.85 2.320 18.61  1  1    4    1
## Hornet 4 Drive    21.4   6  258 110 3.08 3.215 19.44  1  0    3    1
## Hornet Sportabout 18.7   8  360 175 3.15 3.440 17.02  0  0    3    2
## Valiant           18.1   6  225 105 2.76 3.460 20.22  1  0    3    1
```

```r
mtcars %>% 
	dplyr::select(mpg, cyl, disp) %>% 
	mutate(cartype = rownames(.)) %>%
	pivot_longer(mpg:disp) %>% head(., n = 5)
```

```
## # A tibble: 5 x 3
##   cartype       name  value
##   <chr>         <chr> <dbl>
## 1 Mazda RX4     mpg      21
## 2 Mazda RX4     cyl       6
## 3 Mazda RX4     disp    160
## 4 Mazda RX4 Wag mpg      21
## 5 Mazda RX4 Wag cyl       6
```

---

# More `tidyverse` things

* `tidyverse` functions refer to variable names directly 
    * (the dataframe is already piped in)
    * `$\rightarrow$` more on quotations and quasi-quations in [Advanced R](https://adv-r.hadley.nz/)
* Refer to piped object with .fn_highlight[.]
* Refer to a range of variables (in order) with colon .fn_highlight[var1:var4]

---

# `purrr`

* writing functions avoids repetition and provides clarity, e.g.,

```r
ols_coefs <- function(x, y){
	solve(t(x) %*% x) %*% t(x) %*% y
}

x <- matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 5, 5, 6), nrow = 3, ncol = 2)
y <- matrix(c(8, 8.5, 0), nrow = 3, ncol = 1)
ols_coefs(x, y)
```

```
##           [,1]
## [1,] -4.978261
## [2,]  2.869565
```

---

# `purrr`

* applying functions to each row or element can be done with a for-loop or apply family
    * you've probably done that already
* .fn_highlight[map()] family provides even more convenient functions

```r
no_list <- list(8, 16, 99)
lapply(no_list, sqrt)
```

```
## [[1]]
## [1] 2.828427
## 
## [[2]]
## [1] 4
## 
## [[3]]
## [1] 9.949874
```

---

# `purrr`

```r
map(no_list, sqrt)
```

```
## [[1]]
## [1] 2.828427
## 
## [[2]]
## [1] 4
## 
## [[3]]
## [1] 9.949874
```

* Doesn't seem very useful yet...
* Range of `map`-type functions in `purrr` that make life a lot easier!
* Different `map`-type functions return different object classes (e.g., vector, data.frame...)

---

# `purrr` example

[Link to GOT Example](https://jennybc.github.io/purrr-tutorial/ls01_map-name-position-shortcuts.html)

---

```r
library(repurrrsive)
got_chars %>% head
```

```
## [[1]]
## [[1]]$url
## [1] "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/1022"
## 
## [[1]]$id
## [1] 1022
## 
## [[1]]$name
## [1] "Theon Greyjoy"
## 
## [[1]]$gender
## [1] "Male"
## 
## [[1]]$culture
## [1] "Ironborn"
## 
## [[1]]$born
## [1] "In 278 AC or 279 AC, at Pyke"
## 
## [[1]]$died
## [1] ""
## 
## [[1]]$alive
## [1] TRUE
## 
## [[1]]$titles
## [1] "Prince of Winterfell"                                
## [2] "Captain of Sea Bitch"                                
## [3] "Lord of the Iron Islands (by law of the green lands)"
## 
## [[1]]$aliases
## [1] "Prince of Fools" "Theon Turncloak" "Reek"            "Theon Kinslayer"
## 
## [[1]]$father
## [1] ""
## 
## [[1]]$mother
## [1] ""
## 
## [[1]]$spouse
## [1] ""
## 
## [[1]]$allegiances
## [1] "House Greyjoy of Pyke"
## 
## [[1]]$books
## [1] "A Game of Thrones" "A Storm of Swords" "A Feast for Crows"
## 
## [[1]]$povBooks
## [1] "A Clash of Kings"     "A Dance with Dragons"
## 
## [[1]]$tvSeries
## [1] "Season 1" "Season 2" "Season 3" "Season 4" "Season 5" "Season 6"
## 
## [[1]]$playedBy
## [1] "Alfie Allen"
## 
## 
## [[2]]
## [[2]]$url
## [1] "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/1052"
## 
## [[2]]$id
## [1] 1052
## 
## [[2]]$name
## [1] "Tyrion Lannister"
## 
## [[2]]$gender
## [1] "Male"
## 
## [[2]]$culture
## [1] ""
## 
## [[2]]$born
## [1] "In 273 AC, at Casterly Rock"
## 
## [[2]]$died
## [1] ""
## 
## [[2]]$alive
## [1] TRUE
## 
## [[2]]$titles
## [1] "Acting Hand of the King (former)" "Master of Coin (former)"         
## 
## [[2]]$aliases
##  [1] "The Imp"            "Halfman"            "The boyman"        
##  [4] "Giant of Lannister" "Lord Tywin's Doom"  "Lord Tywin's Bane" 
##  [7] "Yollo"              "Hugor Hill"         "No-Nose"           
## [10] "Freak"              "Dwarf"             
## 
## [[2]]$father
## [1] ""
## 
## [[2]]$mother
## [1] ""
## 
## [[2]]$spouse
## [1] "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/2044"
## 
## [[2]]$allegiances
## [1] "House Lannister of Casterly Rock"
## 
## [[2]]$books
## [1] "A Feast for Crows"         "The World of Ice and Fire"
## 
## [[2]]$povBooks
## [1] "A Game of Thrones"    "A Clash of Kings"     "A Storm of Swords"   
## [4] "A Dance with Dragons"
## 
## [[2]]$tvSeries
## [1] "Season 1" "Season 2" "Season 3" "Season 4" "Season 5" "Season 6"
## 
## [[2]]$playedBy
## [1] "Peter Dinklage"
## 
## 
## [[3]]
## [[3]]$url
## [1] "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/1074"
## 
## [[3]]$id
## [1] 1074
## 
## [[3]]$name
## [1] "Victarion Greyjoy"
## 
## [[3]]$gender
## [1] "Male"
## 
## [[3]]$culture
## [1] "Ironborn"
## 
## [[3]]$born
## [1] "In 268 AC or before, at Pyke"
## 
## [[3]]$died
## [1] ""
## 
## [[3]]$alive
## [1] TRUE
## 
## [[3]]$titles
## [1] "Lord Captain of the Iron Fleet" "Master of the Iron Victory"    
## 
## [[3]]$aliases
## [1] "The Iron Captain"
## 
## [[3]]$father
## [1] ""
## 
## [[3]]$mother
## [1] ""
## 
## [[3]]$spouse
## [1] ""
## 
## [[3]]$allegiances
## [1] "House Greyjoy of Pyke"
## 
## [[3]]$books
## [1] "A Game of Thrones" "A Clash of Kings"  "A Storm of Swords"
## 
## [[3]]$povBooks
## [1] "A Feast for Crows"    "A Dance with Dragons"
## 
## [[3]]$tvSeries
## [1] ""
## 
## [[3]]$playedBy
## [1] ""
## 
## 
## [[4]]
## [[4]]$url
## [1] "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/1109"
## 
## [[4]]$id
## [1] 1109
## 
## [[4]]$name
## [1] "Will"
## 
## [[4]]$gender
## [1] "Male"
## 
## [[4]]$culture
## [1] ""
## 
## [[4]]$born
## [1] ""
## 
## [[4]]$died
## [1] "In 297 AC, at Haunted Forest"
## 
## [[4]]$alive
## [1] FALSE
## 
## [[4]]$titles
## [1] ""
## 
## [[4]]$aliases
## [1] ""
## 
## [[4]]$father
## [1] ""
## 
## [[4]]$mother
## [1] ""
## 
## [[4]]$spouse
## [1] ""
## 
## [[4]]$allegiances
## list()
## 
## [[4]]$books
## [1] "A Clash of Kings"
## 
## [[4]]$povBooks
## [1] "A Game of Thrones"
## 
## [[4]]$tvSeries
## [1] ""
## 
## [[4]]$playedBy
## [1] "Bronson Webb"
## 
## 
## [[5]]
## [[5]]$url
## [1] "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/1166"
## 
## [[5]]$id
## [1] 1166
## 
## [[5]]$name
## [1] "Areo Hotah"
## 
## [[5]]$gender
## [1] "Male"
## 
## [[5]]$culture
## [1] "Norvoshi"
## 
## [[5]]$born
## [1] "In 257 AC or before, at Norvos"
## 
## [[5]]$died
## [1] ""
## 
## [[5]]$alive
## [1] TRUE
## 
## [[5]]$titles
## [1] "Captain of the Guard at Sunspear"
## 
## [[5]]$aliases
## [1] ""
## 
## [[5]]$father
## [1] ""
## 
## [[5]]$mother
## [1] ""
## 
## [[5]]$spouse
## [1] ""
## 
## [[5]]$allegiances
## [1] "House Nymeros Martell of Sunspear"
## 
## [[5]]$books
## [1] "A Game of Thrones" "A Clash of Kings"  "A Storm of Swords"
## 
## [[5]]$povBooks
## [1] "A Feast for Crows"    "A Dance with Dragons"
## 
## [[5]]$tvSeries
## [1] "Season 5" "Season 6"
## 
## [[5]]$playedBy
## [1] "DeObia Oparei"
## 
## 
## [[6]]
## [[6]]$url
## [1] "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/1267"
## 
## [[6]]$id
## [1] 1267
## 
## [[6]]$name
## [1] "Chett"
## 
## [[6]]$gender
## [1] "Male"
## 
## [[6]]$culture
## [1] ""
## 
## [[6]]$born
## [1] "At Hag's Mire"
## 
## [[6]]$died
## [1] "In 299 AC, at Fist of the First Men"
## 
## [[6]]$alive
## [1] FALSE
## 
## [[6]]$titles
## [1] ""
## 
## [[6]]$aliases
## [1] ""
## 
## [[6]]$father
## [1] ""
## 
## [[6]]$mother
## [1] ""
## 
## [[6]]$spouse
## [1] ""
## 
## [[6]]$allegiances
## list()
## 
## [[6]]$books
## [1] "A Game of Thrones" "A Clash of Kings" 
## 
## [[6]]$povBooks
## [1] "A Storm of Swords"
## 
## [[6]]$tvSeries
## [1] ""
## 
## [[6]]$playedBy
## [1] ""
```

---

```r
library(repurrrsive)
got_chars %>% str
```

```
## List of 30
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/1022"
##   ..$ id         : int 1022
##   ..$ name       : chr "Theon Greyjoy"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Male"
##   ..$ culture    : chr "Ironborn"
##   ..$ born       : chr "In 278 AC or 279 AC, at Pyke"
##   ..$ died       : chr ""
##   ..$ alive      : logi TRUE
##   ..$ titles     : chr [1:3] "Prince of Winterfell" "Captain of Sea Bitch" "Lord of the Iron Islands (by law of the green lands)"
##   ..$ aliases    : chr [1:4] "Prince of Fools" "Theon Turncloak" "Reek" "Theon Kinslayer"
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr ""
##   ..$ allegiances: chr "House Greyjoy of Pyke"
##   ..$ books      : chr [1:3] "A Game of Thrones" "A Storm of Swords" "A Feast for Crows"
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr [1:2] "A Clash of Kings" "A Dance with Dragons"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr [1:6] "Season 1" "Season 2" "Season 3" "Season 4" ...
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr "Alfie Allen"
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/1052"
##   ..$ id         : int 1052
##   ..$ name       : chr "Tyrion Lannister"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Male"
##   ..$ culture    : chr ""
##   ..$ born       : chr "In 273 AC, at Casterly Rock"
##   ..$ died       : chr ""
##   ..$ alive      : logi TRUE
##   ..$ titles     : chr [1:2] "Acting Hand of the King (former)" "Master of Coin (former)"
##   ..$ aliases    : chr [1:11] "The Imp" "Halfman" "The boyman" "Giant of Lannister" ...
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/2044"
##   ..$ allegiances: chr "House Lannister of Casterly Rock"
##   ..$ books      : chr [1:2] "A Feast for Crows" "The World of Ice and Fire"
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr [1:4] "A Game of Thrones" "A Clash of Kings" "A Storm of Swords" "A Dance with Dragons"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr [1:6] "Season 1" "Season 2" "Season 3" "Season 4" ...
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr "Peter Dinklage"
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/1074"
##   ..$ id         : int 1074
##   ..$ name       : chr "Victarion Greyjoy"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Male"
##   ..$ culture    : chr "Ironborn"
##   ..$ born       : chr "In 268 AC or before, at Pyke"
##   ..$ died       : chr ""
##   ..$ alive      : logi TRUE
##   ..$ titles     : chr [1:2] "Lord Captain of the Iron Fleet" "Master of the Iron Victory"
##   ..$ aliases    : chr "The Iron Captain"
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr ""
##   ..$ allegiances: chr "House Greyjoy of Pyke"
##   ..$ books      : chr [1:3] "A Game of Thrones" "A Clash of Kings" "A Storm of Swords"
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr [1:2] "A Feast for Crows" "A Dance with Dragons"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr ""
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr ""
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/1109"
##   ..$ id         : int 1109
##   ..$ name       : chr "Will"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Male"
##   ..$ culture    : chr ""
##   ..$ born       : chr ""
##   ..$ died       : chr "In 297 AC, at Haunted Forest"
##   ..$ alive      : logi FALSE
##   ..$ titles     : chr ""
##   ..$ aliases    : chr ""
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr ""
##   ..$ allegiances: list()
##   ..$ books      : chr "A Clash of Kings"
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr "A Game of Thrones"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr ""
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr "Bronson Webb"
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/1166"
##   ..$ id         : int 1166
##   ..$ name       : chr "Areo Hotah"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Male"
##   ..$ culture    : chr "Norvoshi"
##   ..$ born       : chr "In 257 AC or before, at Norvos"
##   ..$ died       : chr ""
##   ..$ alive      : logi TRUE
##   ..$ titles     : chr "Captain of the Guard at Sunspear"
##   ..$ aliases    : chr ""
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr ""
##   ..$ allegiances: chr "House Nymeros Martell of Sunspear"
##   ..$ books      : chr [1:3] "A Game of Thrones" "A Clash of Kings" "A Storm of Swords"
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr [1:2] "A Feast for Crows" "A Dance with Dragons"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr [1:2] "Season 5" "Season 6"
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr "DeObia Oparei"
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/1267"
##   ..$ id         : int 1267
##   ..$ name       : chr "Chett"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Male"
##   ..$ culture    : chr ""
##   ..$ born       : chr "At Hag's Mire"
##   ..$ died       : chr "In 299 AC, at Fist of the First Men"
##   ..$ alive      : logi FALSE
##   ..$ titles     : chr ""
##   ..$ aliases    : chr ""
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr ""
##   ..$ allegiances: list()
##   ..$ books      : chr [1:2] "A Game of Thrones" "A Clash of Kings"
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr "A Storm of Swords"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr ""
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr ""
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/1295"
##   ..$ id         : int 1295
##   ..$ name       : chr "Cressen"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Male"
##   ..$ culture    : chr ""
##   ..$ born       : chr "In 219 AC or 220 AC"
##   ..$ died       : chr "In 299 AC, at Dragonstone"
##   ..$ alive      : logi FALSE
##   ..$ titles     : chr "Maester"
##   ..$ aliases    : chr ""
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr ""
##   ..$ allegiances: list()
##   ..$ books      : chr [1:2] "A Storm of Swords" "A Feast for Crows"
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr "A Clash of Kings"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr "Season 2"
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr "Oliver Ford"
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/130"
##   ..$ id         : int 130
##   ..$ name       : chr "Arianne Martell"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Female"
##   ..$ culture    : chr "Dornish"
##   ..$ born       : chr "In 276 AC, at Sunspear"
##   ..$ died       : chr ""
##   ..$ alive      : logi TRUE
##   ..$ titles     : chr "Princess of Dorne"
##   ..$ aliases    : chr ""
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr ""
##   ..$ allegiances: chr "House Nymeros Martell of Sunspear"
##   ..$ books      : chr [1:4] "A Game of Thrones" "A Clash of Kings" "A Storm of Swords" "A Dance with Dragons"
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr "A Feast for Crows"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr ""
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr ""
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/1303"
##   ..$ id         : int 1303
##   ..$ name       : chr "Daenerys Targaryen"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Female"
##   ..$ culture    : chr "Valyrian"
##   ..$ born       : chr "In 284 AC, at Dragonstone"
##   ..$ died       : chr ""
##   ..$ alive      : logi TRUE
##   ..$ titles     : chr [1:5] "Queen of the Andals and the Rhoynar and the First Men, Lord of the Seven Kingdoms" "Khaleesi of the Great Grass Sea" "Breaker of Shackles/Chains" "Queen of Meereen" ...
##   ..$ aliases    : chr [1:11] "Dany" "Daenerys Stormborn" "The Unburnt" "Mother of Dragons" ...
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/1346"
##   ..$ allegiances: chr "House Targaryen of King's Landing"
##   ..$ books      : chr "A Feast for Crows"
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr [1:4] "A Game of Thrones" "A Clash of Kings" "A Storm of Swords" "A Dance with Dragons"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr [1:6] "Season 1" "Season 2" "Season 3" "Season 4" ...
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr "Emilia Clarke"
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/1319"
##   ..$ id         : int 1319
##   ..$ name       : chr "Davos Seaworth"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Male"
##   ..$ culture    : chr "Westeros"
##   ..$ born       : chr "In 260 AC or before, at King's Landing"
##   ..$ died       : chr ""
##   ..$ alive      : logi TRUE
##   ..$ titles     : chr [1:4] "Ser" "Lord of the Rainwood" "Admiral of the Narrow Sea" "Hand of the King"
##   ..$ aliases    : chr [1:5] "Onion Knight" "Davos Shorthand" "Ser Onions" "Onion Lord" ...
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/1676"
##   ..$ allegiances: chr [1:2] "House Baratheon of Dragonstone" "House Seaworth of Cape Wrath"
##   ..$ books      : chr "A Feast for Crows"
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr [1:3] "A Clash of Kings" "A Storm of Swords" "A Dance with Dragons"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr [1:5] "Season 2" "Season 3" "Season 4" "Season 5" ...
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr "Liam Cunningham"
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/148"
##   ..$ id         : int 148
##   ..$ name       : chr "Arya Stark"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Female"
##   ..$ culture    : chr "Northmen"
##   ..$ born       : chr "In 289 AC, at Winterfell"
##   ..$ died       : chr ""
##   ..$ alive      : logi TRUE
##   ..$ titles     : chr "Princess"
##   ..$ aliases    : chr [1:16] "Arya Horseface" "Arya Underfoot" "Arry" "Lumpyface" ...
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr ""
##   ..$ allegiances: chr "House Stark of Winterfell"
##   ..$ books      : list()
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr [1:5] "A Game of Thrones" "A Clash of Kings" "A Storm of Swords" "A Feast for Crows" ...
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr [1:6] "Season 1" "Season 2" "Season 3" "Season 4" ...
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr "Maisie Williams"
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/149"
##   ..$ id         : int 149
##   ..$ name       : chr "Arys Oakheart"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Male"
##   ..$ culture    : chr "Reach"
##   ..$ born       : chr "At Old Oak"
##   ..$ died       : chr "In 300 AC, at the Greenblood"
##   ..$ alive      : logi FALSE
##   ..$ titles     : chr "Ser"
##   ..$ aliases    : chr ""
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr ""
##   ..$ allegiances: chr "House Oakheart of Old Oak"
##   ..$ books      : chr [1:4] "A Game of Thrones" "A Clash of Kings" "A Storm of Swords" "A Dance with Dragons"
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr "A Feast for Crows"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr ""
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr ""
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/150"
##   ..$ id         : int 150
##   ..$ name       : chr "Asha Greyjoy"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Female"
##   ..$ culture    : chr "Ironborn"
##   ..$ born       : chr "In 275 AC or 276 AC, at Pyke"
##   ..$ died       : chr ""
##   ..$ alive      : logi TRUE
##   ..$ titles     : chr [1:3] "Princess" "Captain of the Black Wind" "Conqueror of Deepwood Motte"
##   ..$ aliases    : chr [1:2] "Esgred" "The Kraken's Daughter"
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/1372"
##   ..$ allegiances: chr [1:2] "House Greyjoy of Pyke" "House Ironmaker"
##   ..$ books      : chr [1:2] "A Game of Thrones" "A Clash of Kings"
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr [1:2] "A Feast for Crows" "A Dance with Dragons"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr [1:3] "Season 2" "Season 3" "Season 4"
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr "Gemma Whelan"
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/168"
##   ..$ id         : int 168
##   ..$ name       : chr "Barristan Selmy"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Male"
##   ..$ culture    : chr "Westeros"
##   ..$ born       : chr "In 237 AC"
##   ..$ died       : chr ""
##   ..$ alive      : logi TRUE
##   ..$ titles     : chr [1:2] "Ser" "Hand of the Queen"
##   ..$ aliases    : chr [1:5] "Barristan the Bold" "Arstan Whitebeard" "Ser Grandfather" "Barristan the Old" ...
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr ""
##   ..$ allegiances: chr [1:2] "House Selmy of Harvest Hall" "House Targaryen of King's Landing"
##   ..$ books      : chr [1:5] "A Game of Thrones" "A Clash of Kings" "A Storm of Swords" "A Feast for Crows" ...
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr "A Dance with Dragons"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr [1:4] "Season 1" "Season 3" "Season 4" "Season 5"
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr "Ian McElhinney"
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/2066"
##   ..$ id         : int 2066
##   ..$ name       : chr "Varamyr"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Male"
##   ..$ culture    : chr "Free Folk"
##   ..$ born       : chr "At a village Beyond the Wall"
##   ..$ died       : chr "In 300 AC, at a village Beyond the Wall"
##   ..$ alive      : logi FALSE
##   ..$ titles     : chr ""
##   ..$ aliases    : chr [1:3] "Varamyr Sixskins" "Haggon" "Lump"
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr ""
##   ..$ allegiances: list()
##   ..$ books      : chr "A Storm of Swords"
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr "A Dance with Dragons"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr ""
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr ""
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/208"
##   ..$ id         : int 208
##   ..$ name       : chr "Brandon Stark"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Male"
##   ..$ culture    : chr "Northmen"
##   ..$ born       : chr "In 290 AC, at Winterfell"
##   ..$ died       : chr ""
##   ..$ alive      : logi TRUE
##   ..$ titles     : chr "Prince of Winterfell"
##   ..$ aliases    : chr [1:3] "Bran" "Bran the Broken" "The Winged Wolf"
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr ""
##   ..$ allegiances: chr "House Stark of Winterfell"
##   ..$ books      : chr "A Feast for Crows"
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr [1:4] "A Game of Thrones" "A Clash of Kings" "A Storm of Swords" "A Dance with Dragons"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr [1:5] "Season 1" "Season 2" "Season 3" "Season 4" ...
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr "Isaac Hempstead-Wright"
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/216"
##   ..$ id         : int 216
##   ..$ name       : chr "Brienne of Tarth"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Female"
##   ..$ culture    : chr ""
##   ..$ born       : chr "In 280 AC"
##   ..$ died       : chr ""
##   ..$ alive      : logi TRUE
##   ..$ titles     : chr ""
##   ..$ aliases    : chr [1:3] "The Maid of Tarth" "Brienne the Beauty" "Brienne the Blue"
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr ""
##   ..$ allegiances: chr [1:3] "House Baratheon of Storm's End" "House Stark of Winterfell" "House Tarth of Evenfall Hall"
##   ..$ books      : chr [1:3] "A Clash of Kings" "A Storm of Swords" "A Dance with Dragons"
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr "A Feast for Crows"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr [1:5] "Season 2" "Season 3" "Season 4" "Season 5" ...
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr "Gwendoline Christie"
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/232"
##   ..$ id         : int 232
##   ..$ name       : chr "Catelyn Stark"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Female"
##   ..$ culture    : chr "Rivermen"
##   ..$ born       : chr "In 264 AC, at Riverrun"
##   ..$ died       : chr "In 299 AC, at the Twins"
##   ..$ alive      : logi FALSE
##   ..$ titles     : chr "Lady of Winterfell"
##   ..$ aliases    : chr [1:5] "Catelyn Tully" "Lady Stoneheart" "The Silent Sistet" "Mother Mercilesr" ...
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/339"
##   ..$ allegiances: chr [1:2] "House Stark of Winterfell" "House Tully of Riverrun"
##   ..$ books      : chr [1:2] "A Feast for Crows" "A Dance with Dragons"
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr [1:3] "A Game of Thrones" "A Clash of Kings" "A Storm of Swords"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr [1:3] "Season 1" "Season 2" "Season 3"
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr "Michelle Fairley"
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/238"
##   ..$ id         : int 238
##   ..$ name       : chr "Cersei Lannister"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Female"
##   ..$ culture    : chr "Westerman"
##   ..$ born       : chr "In 266 AC, at Casterly Rock"
##   ..$ died       : chr ""
##   ..$ alive      : logi TRUE
##   ..$ titles     : chr [1:5] "Light of the West" "Queen Dowager" "Protector of the Realm" "Lady of Casterly Rock" ...
##   ..$ aliases    : list()
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/901"
##   ..$ allegiances: chr "House Lannister of Casterly Rock"
##   ..$ books      : chr [1:3] "A Game of Thrones" "A Clash of Kings" "A Storm of Swords"
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr [1:2] "A Feast for Crows" "A Dance with Dragons"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr [1:6] "Season 1" "Season 2" "Season 3" "Season 4" ...
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr "Lena Headey"
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/339"
##   ..$ id         : int 339
##   ..$ name       : chr "Eddard Stark"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Male"
##   ..$ culture    : chr "Northmen"
##   ..$ born       : chr "In 263 AC, at Winterfell"
##   ..$ died       : chr "In 299 AC, at Great Sept of Baelor in King's Landing"
##   ..$ alive      : logi FALSE
##   ..$ titles     : chr [1:5] "Lord of Winterfell" "Warden of the North" "Hand of the King" "Protector of the Realm" ...
##   ..$ aliases    : chr [1:3] "Ned" "The Ned" "The Quiet Wolf"
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/232"
##   ..$ allegiances: chr "House Stark of Winterfell"
##   ..$ books      : chr [1:5] "A Clash of Kings" "A Storm of Swords" "A Feast for Crows" "A Dance with Dragons" ...
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr "A Game of Thrones"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr [1:2] "Season 1" "Season 6"
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr [1:3] "Sean Bean" "Sebastian Croft" "Robert Aramayo"
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/529"
##   ..$ id         : int 529
##   ..$ name       : chr "Jaime Lannister"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Male"
##   ..$ culture    : chr "Westerlands"
##   ..$ born       : chr "In 266 AC, at Casterly Rock"
##   ..$ died       : chr ""
##   ..$ alive      : logi TRUE
##   ..$ titles     : chr [1:3] "Ser" "Lord Commander of the Kingsguard" "Warden of the East (formerly)"
##   ..$ aliases    : chr [1:4] "The Kingslayer" "The Lion of Lannister" "The Young Lion" "Cripple"
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr ""
##   ..$ allegiances: chr "House Lannister of Casterly Rock"
##   ..$ books      : chr [1:2] "A Game of Thrones" "A Clash of Kings"
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr [1:3] "A Storm of Swords" "A Feast for Crows" "A Dance with Dragons"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr [1:5] "Season 1" "Season 2" "Season 3" "Season 4" ...
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr "Nikolaj Coster-Waldau"
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/576"
##   ..$ id         : int 576
##   ..$ name       : chr "Jon Connington"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Male"
##   ..$ culture    : chr "Stormlands"
##   ..$ born       : chr "In or between 263 AC and 265 AC"
##   ..$ died       : chr ""
##   ..$ alive      : logi TRUE
##   ..$ titles     : chr [1:3] "Lord of Griffin's Roost" "Hand of the King" "Hand of the True King"
##   ..$ aliases    : chr "Griffthe Mad King's Hand"
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr ""
##   ..$ allegiances: chr [1:2] "House Connington of Griffin's Roost" "House Targaryen of King's Landing"
##   ..$ books      : chr [1:3] "A Storm of Swords" "A Feast for Crows" "The World of Ice and Fire"
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr "A Dance with Dragons"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr ""
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr ""
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/583"
##   ..$ id         : int 583
##   ..$ name       : chr "Jon Snow"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Male"
##   ..$ culture    : chr "Northmen"
##   ..$ born       : chr "In 283 AC"
##   ..$ died       : chr ""
##   ..$ alive      : logi TRUE
##   ..$ titles     : chr "Lord Commander of the Night's Watch"
##   ..$ aliases    : chr [1:8] "Lord Snow" "Ned Stark's Bastard" "The Snow of Winterfell" "The Crow-Come-Over" ...
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr ""
##   ..$ allegiances: chr "House Stark of Winterfell"
##   ..$ books      : chr "A Feast for Crows"
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr [1:4] "A Game of Thrones" "A Clash of Kings" "A Storm of Swords" "A Dance with Dragons"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr [1:6] "Season 1" "Season 2" "Season 3" "Season 4" ...
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr "Kit Harington"
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/60"
##   ..$ id         : int 60
##   ..$ name       : chr "Aeron Greyjoy"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Male"
##   ..$ culture    : chr "Ironborn"
##   ..$ born       : chr "In or between 269 AC and 273 AC, at Pyke"
##   ..$ died       : chr ""
##   ..$ alive      : logi TRUE
##   ..$ titles     : chr [1:2] "Priest of the Drowned God" "Captain of the Golden Storm (formerly)"
##   ..$ aliases    : chr [1:2] "The Damphair" "Aeron Damphair"
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr ""
##   ..$ allegiances: chr "House Greyjoy of Pyke"
##   ..$ books      : chr [1:4] "A Game of Thrones" "A Clash of Kings" "A Storm of Swords" "A Dance with Dragons"
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr "A Feast for Crows"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr "Season 6"
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr "Michael Feast"
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/605"
##   ..$ id         : int 605
##   ..$ name       : chr "Kevan Lannister"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Male"
##   ..$ culture    : chr ""
##   ..$ born       : chr "In 244 AC"
##   ..$ died       : chr "In 300 AC, at King's Landing"
##   ..$ alive      : logi FALSE
##   ..$ titles     : chr [1:4] "Ser" "Master of laws" "Lord Regent" "Protector of the Realm"
##   ..$ aliases    : chr ""
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/327"
##   ..$ allegiances: chr "House Lannister of Casterly Rock"
##   ..$ books      : chr [1:4] "A Game of Thrones" "A Clash of Kings" "A Storm of Swords" "A Feast for Crows"
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr "A Dance with Dragons"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr [1:4] "Season 1" "Season 2" "Season 5" "Season 6"
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr "Ian Gelder"
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/743"
##   ..$ id         : int 743
##   ..$ name       : chr "Melisandre"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Female"
##   ..$ culture    : chr "Asshai"
##   ..$ born       : chr "At Unknown"
##   ..$ died       : chr ""
##   ..$ alive      : logi TRUE
##   ..$ titles     : chr ""
##   ..$ aliases    : chr [1:5] "The Red Priestess" "The Red Woman" "The King's Red Shadow" "Lady Red" ...
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr ""
##   ..$ allegiances: list()
##   ..$ books      : chr [1:3] "A Clash of Kings" "A Storm of Swords" "A Feast for Crows"
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr "A Dance with Dragons"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr [1:5] "Season 2" "Season 3" "Season 4" "Season 5" ...
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr "Carice van Houten"
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/751"
##   ..$ id         : int 751
##   ..$ name       : chr "Merrett Frey"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Male"
##   ..$ culture    : chr "Rivermen"
##   ..$ born       : chr "In 262 AC"
##   ..$ died       : chr "In 300 AC, at Near Oldstones"
##   ..$ alive      : logi FALSE
##   ..$ titles     : chr ""
##   ..$ aliases    : chr "Merrett Muttonhead"
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/712"
##   ..$ allegiances: chr "House Frey of the Crossing"
##   ..$ books      : chr [1:4] "A Game of Thrones" "A Clash of Kings" "A Feast for Crows" "A Dance with Dragons"
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr "A Storm of Swords"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr ""
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr ""
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/844"
##   ..$ id         : int 844
##   ..$ name       : chr "Quentyn Martell"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Male"
##   ..$ culture    : chr "Dornish"
##   ..$ born       : chr "In 281 AC, at Sunspear, Dorne"
##   ..$ died       : chr "In 300 AC, at Meereen"
##   ..$ alive      : logi FALSE
##   ..$ titles     : chr "Prince"
##   ..$ aliases    : chr [1:4] "Frog" "Prince Frog" "The prince who came too late" "The Dragonrider"
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr ""
##   ..$ allegiances: chr "House Nymeros Martell of Sunspear"
##   ..$ books      : chr [1:4] "A Game of Thrones" "A Clash of Kings" "A Storm of Swords" "A Feast for Crows"
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr "A Dance with Dragons"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr ""
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr ""
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/954"
##   ..$ id         : int 954
##   ..$ name       : chr "Samwell Tarly"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Male"
##   ..$ culture    : chr "Andal"
##   ..$ born       : chr "In 283 AC, at Horn Hill"
##   ..$ died       : chr ""
##   ..$ alive      : logi TRUE
##   ..$ titles     : chr ""
##   ..$ aliases    : chr [1:7] "Sam" "Ser Piggy" "Prince Pork-chop" "Lady Piggy" ...
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr ""
##   ..$ allegiances: chr "House Tarly of Horn Hill"
##   ..$ books      : chr [1:3] "A Game of Thrones" "A Clash of Kings" "A Dance with Dragons"
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr [1:2] "A Storm of Swords" "A Feast for Crows"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr [1:6] "Season 1" "Season 2" "Season 3" "Season 4" ...
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr "John Bradley-West"
##  $ :List of 18
##   ..$ url        : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/957"
##   ..$ id         : int 957
##   ..$ name       : chr "Sansa Stark"
##   ..$ gender     : chr "Female"
##   ..$ culture    : chr "Northmen"
##   ..$ born       : chr "In 286 AC, at Winterfell"
##   ..$ died       : chr ""
##   ..$ alive      : logi TRUE
##   ..$ titles     : chr "Princess"
##   ..$ aliases    : chr [1:3] "Little bird" "Alayne Stone" "Jonquil"
##   ..$ father     : chr ""
##   ..$ mother     : chr ""
##   ..$ spouse     : chr "https://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/1052"
##   ..$ allegiances: chr [1:2] "House Baelish of Harrenhal" "House Stark of Winterfell"
##   ..$ books      : chr "A Dance with Dragons"
##   ..$ povBooks   : chr [1:4] "A Game of Thrones" "A Clash of Kings" "A Storm of Swords" "A Feast for Crows"
##   ..$ tvSeries   : chr [1:6] "Season 1" "Season 2" "Season 3" "Season 4" ...
##   ..$ playedBy   : chr "Sophie Turner"
```

---

.challenge[.challenge_title[Challenge #2.2]

Get the names of all characters in the dataframe.
]

---

.challenge[.challenge_title[Challenge #2.2]

Get the names of all characters in the dataframe.
]

```r
got_chars %>% map("name")
```

```
## [[1]]
## [1] "Theon Greyjoy"
## 
## [[2]]
## [1] "Tyrion Lannister"
## 
## [[3]]
## [1] "Victarion Greyjoy"
## 
## [[4]]
## [1] "Will"
## 
## [[5]]
## [1] "Areo Hotah"
## 
## [[6]]
## [1] "Chett"
## 
## [[7]]
## [1] "Cressen"
## 
## [[8]]
## [1] "Arianne Martell"
## 
## [[9]]
## [1] "Daenerys Targaryen"
## 
## [[10]]
## [1] "Davos Seaworth"
## 
## [[11]]
## [1] "Arya Stark"
## 
## [[12]]
## [1] "Arys Oakheart"
## 
## [[13]]
## [1] "Asha Greyjoy"
## 
## [[14]]
## [1] "Barristan Selmy"
## 
## [[15]]
## [1] "Varamyr"
## 
## [[16]]
## [1] "Brandon Stark"
## 
## [[17]]
## [1] "Brienne of Tarth"
## 
## [[18]]
## [1] "Catelyn Stark"
## 
## [[19]]
## [1] "Cersei Lannister"
## 
## [[20]]
## [1] "Eddard Stark"
## 
## [[21]]
## [1] "Jaime Lannister"
## 
## [[22]]
## [1] "Jon Connington"
## 
## [[23]]
## [1] "Jon Snow"
## 
## [[24]]
## [1] "Aeron Greyjoy"
## 
## [[25]]
## [1] "Kevan Lannister"
## 
## [[26]]
## [1] "Melisandre"
## 
## [[27]]
## [1] "Merrett Frey"
## 
## [[28]]
## [1] "Quentyn Martell"
## 
## [[29]]
## [1] "Samwell Tarly"
## 
## [[30]]
## [1] "Sansa Stark"
```

---

.challenge[.challenge_title[Challenge #2.2]

Get the names of all characters in the dataframe.
]

```r
got_chars %>% map_chr("name")
```

```
##  [1] "Theon Greyjoy"      "Tyrion Lannister"   "Victarion Greyjoy" 
##  [4] "Will"               "Areo Hotah"         "Chett"             
##  [7] "Cressen"            "Arianne Martell"    "Daenerys Targaryen"
## [10] "Davos Seaworth"     "Arya Stark"         "Arys Oakheart"     
## [13] "Asha Greyjoy"       "Barristan Selmy"    "Varamyr"           
## [16] "Brandon Stark"      "Brienne of Tarth"   "Catelyn Stark"     
## [19] "Cersei Lannister"   "Eddard Stark"       "Jaime Lannister"   
## [22] "Jon Connington"     "Jon Snow"           "Aeron Greyjoy"     
## [25] "Kevan Lannister"    "Melisandre"         "Merrett Frey"      
## [28] "Quentyn Martell"    "Samwell Tarly"      "Sansa Stark"
```

---

.challenge[.challenge_title[Challenge #2.3]

Assemble a dataframe with all the key information.
]

---

.challenge[.challenge_title[Challenge #2.3]

Assemble a dataframe with all the key information.
]

```r
library(magrittr)
got_chars %>%
	map_dfr(extract, c("name", "culture", "gender", "born", "alive"))
```

```
## # A tibble: 30 x 5
##    name              culture gender born                              alive
##    <chr>             <chr>   <chr>  <chr>                             <lgl>
##  1 Theon Greyjoy     Ironbo… Male   In 278 AC or 279 AC, at Pyke      TRUE 
##  2 Tyrion Lannister  ""      Male   In 273 AC, at Casterly Rock       TRUE 
##  3 Victarion Greyjoy Ironbo… Male   In 268 AC or before, at Pyke      TRUE 
##  4 Will              ""      Male   ""                                FALSE
##  5 Areo Hotah        Norvos… Male   In 257 AC or before, at Norvos    TRUE 
##  6 Chett             ""      Male   At Hag's Mire                     FALSE
##  7 Cressen           ""      Male   In 219 AC or 220 AC               FALSE
##  8 Arianne Martell   Dornish Female In 276 AC, at Sunspear            TRUE 
##  9 Daenerys Targary… Valyri… Female In 284 AC, at Dragonstone         TRUE 
## 10 Davos Seaworth    Wester… Male   In 260 AC or before, at King's L… TRUE 
## # … with 20 more rows
```

---

# Conclusion

* Base R is *sufficient*, but often not very comfortable.
* `tidyverse` provides a useful array of functions to help us out.
* The pipe, `%>%`, allows for combining multiple data wrangling operations into one workflow.
* As always, pick whatever method works best for your specific problem: `tidyverse` might not always be the best!